Energy Demand
The gross primary energy consumption in Serbia in 2004 was 13,4 Mtoe.
[ Ministry of Mining and Energy ]
Demand per Sector
Final Energy Consumption by Sector in Serbia and Montenegro, 2009
Source: ENERDATA s.a. - WORLD ENERGY DATABASE [2011]
(Cumulative data for Serbia and Montenegro. Although we present more updated data for the total energy consumption below , we leave the graphs from Enerdata and our interpretation in order to be able to do appropriate cross-country comparisons with our other country profiles.)
Final Energy Demand of the Residential Sector of Serbia and Montenegro, 2009
Source: ENERDATA s.a. - WORLD ENERGY DATABASE [2011]
(Cumulative data for Serbia and Montenegro)
Final Energy (FE) Consumption per Sector
Source: Ministry of Mining and Energy
Final Energy (FE) Consumption per Fuels
Source: Ministry of Mining and Energy
Electricity Production
Source: Ministry of Mining and Energy
Electricity Consumption per Sectors in GWh
Source: Ministry of Mining and Energy
Demand per Capita
Electricity consumption in Serbia counts 3.400 kWh P/A, which is on the level of medium developed European countries.
- Electricity consumption by 1.000 US$ GDP is 1.700 kWh P/A
- Total energy consumption by 1.000 US$ GDP is 1.100 toes P/A
Table: According to National Energy Balance data are as follows:
Republic of Serbia (without KaM) | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | Index | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Units | M toe | Units | M toe | Units | M toe | 2006:2005 | |
Expected energy intensity (kg of energy / NP) | - | 0.995 | - | 1.003 | - | 0.998 | 99.6 |
[ Serbian Chamber of Commerce ]
Energy Intensity
Total primary energy consumption per dollar of gross domestic product in 2002 was 47,814 Btu
[ EIA ]
Primary Energy Intensity in MJ per GDP (gross domestic product) at purchase power parity for countries of Central and Eastern Europe, Austria and the EU 15 , 2008
Source: ENERDATA s.a. - WORLD ENERGY DATABASE [2011]
Primary energy intensity is an indicator to show how much energy is needed to produce one quantity of economic output.
Demand of Electricity per GDP (MWh/M$05) and per Capita (kWh/hab) for Serbia and Montenegro, as compared to other countries in Central and Eastern Europe, Austria and the European Union 15, 2008
Source: ENERDATA s.a. - WORLD ENERGY DATABASE [2011]
The deviation of electricity demand per GDP of a country from that of Austria or the EU average indicates, how efficiently electricity is utilised in the respective economy in comparison to the EU or to Austria, or, conversely, which gains in efficiency are to be realised. If the electricity demands per GDP decreases - what can be expected for the future in CEE countries - more national income in the form of GDP will be produced with the same amount of electricity (the black bars in the figure will decrease in this case).
Prospects for Energy Saving
Primary energy consumption in Serbia declined between 1990 and 2002 by 21%. Between these two years much political and economical turbulence happened in the region and as result the data for these years become completely irregular. The year 1990 was the last one that can be treated as regular, and 2002 was the year when the country has started to recover in political and economical sense. Unfortunately, decrease of the primary and final energy consumption does not mean increase in energy efficiency, but is the consequence many dramatic political, social and economical shocks that happened in Serbia.
The most important aspects of rationalization, and increased energy efficiency in consumption and reduction of electricity losses are as following:
Rationalisation in Electricity Consumption
Application of measures which should lead to better electricity consumption efficiency has begun and shall be intensified:
- Establishing favourable price parities regarding electricity and other forms of energy through price corrections and application and improvement of the tariff system, which should first of all discourage its application for heating purposes.
- Encouraging the application of energy-saving materials and devices (e.g. Compact fluorescent bulbs etc)
- Information programmes, media campaigns etc.
- Reduction of electricity losses - The share of total losses in the total annual electricity consumption shall be reduced from nearly 19 percent in 1998 to 14.6 percent in 2006. Reduction of currently very high losses in distribution shall be achieved by:
- More efficiently preventing theft of electricity and transferring it to regular consumption,
- Constructing priority plants on the network,
- Activating the existing ones and installing new facilities for compensation of reactive power,
- Improving consumers’ measuring and controlling connections.
Prices
Average electricity selling price in Serbia, in 2006, was € 0.038.
The Energy Agency of the Republic of Serbia is competent of regulating prices including determining methodologies for setting tariff elements for calculating prices, approving tariff systems as well as giving opinions on prices of energy and services that energy entities put forward.
The Government of the Republic of Serbia approves tariff systems and prices of energy and services.
In April 2001, EPS introduced a three-tier block tariff system for household consumers. This system was introduced to provide an incentive for the efficient use of energy - in particular, to discourage the use of electricity for heating - and to make consumption of electricity affordable for the poorest consumers. In addition to paying differentiated time of day charges, household consumers are charged different prices for consumption within the following colour-coded consumption zones. These are shown below, with the % of households currently in each category.
Zone |
Consumption Zones |
% of Households (2003) |
|---|---|---|
Green Zone |
up to 600 kWh per month |
70% |
Blue Zone |
from 601 kWh to 1600 kWh |
22% |
Red Zone |
from 1601 kWh upwards |
4% |
Source: EPS, 2003 | ||
Tariff Reform
Serbia has raised and rebalanced tariffs extensively in recent years, with increases in April 2001 (60%), June 2001 (40%), October 2001 (15%), June 2002 (50%) and June 2003 (15%). Serbia is committed to further adjustment of tariffs to satisfy the terms of EBRD and World Bank loans. The target tariffs are stipulated in the IFI loan agreements. The target stipulated by the World Bank is 4.5US¢/kWh by mid-2004. Similarly, the EBRD has calculated that a tariff path of 3, 4 and 5 US¢/kWh by end-2003, 04 and 05 respectively, will ensure cost recovery, on aggregate. Once tariffs reach full cost recovery levels, the block tariff structure, which was introduced as a transitional measure, will be reformed. In future tariff increases, the block tariff rate structure is likely to be flattened, with the first (lifeline) block raised and the third (penal) block reduced.
Serbian Energy Policy sets out three crucial elements of sustainable development
- Competitive energy markets
- Environment protection
- Energy efficiency and use of renewables
Competitive electricity markets are already at the centre of intense political discussions with the ongoing restructuring of the energy markets. Though the outcome of the discussion has not yet been established, it can be asserted that the current energy system will not remain in its present shape. It will certainly not be revolutionized, especially not in the first years, but pressure from the Regional Electricity Market after 2006 and the growing integration with the European Union will favour this market transformation process. Energy policy has to promote this process, though the speed with which this can be carried out depends on many factors.
The integration of energy efficiency improvement (and of renewables) as permanent, basic principle for the energy system, is still far from being achieved in reality, although the strong emphasis in Energy Law and the early introduction of the Serbian Energy Efficiency Agency are a good starting point.
Special EAR (European Agency for Reconstruction) Fund Program supervised by Serbian Energy Efficiency Agency has the following targets:
Industry
- Energy Audits and Energy Saving Potential in Industry
- Training Program in Industry and Demonstration Projects
- Awareness Campaigns in Industry
Municipal and Public Buildings
- Training Program in Energy Auditing in municipal and public buildings
- Energy Efficiency standards for the new buildings
- Demonstration Program for EE projects in existing buildings
- Awareness campaign
Municipal Sector
- Municipal Energy Management and Planning
- Energy Efficiency in Municipal Services
- Energy Efficiency in District Heating
- Awareness and Dissemination Campaigns
SEEP - Serbia Energy Efficiency Project – funded by IDA credit and local participation – energy efficiency in social public buildings – schools and hospitals - PO75343 – Worldbank and Serbian Energy Efficiency Agency
