Energy demand
Demand per sector
In 2009, the final energy consumption amounted to 25.2 Mtoe/1055.6 PJ.
In 2009, the largest share of final demand is that of households and services (55%), followed by industry. Industry accounts for 37.4% of final consumption, its share having dropped from around 45% in the 1970s and 1980s due to restructuring of the industrial production towards less energy intensive industries.
This is also true for the electricity consumption by industry which dropped from 47% in 1989 to 38.1% in 2008. The transport sector represents 25 % (the stock of individual cars is less developed than in other EU countries), non energy uses 12 % of final energy demand.
[Enerdata, Energy Centre, HEO]
Final energy consumption by sector, 2009, in %
Final energy demand of the residential sector in Hungarry, 2009
Final Energy Demand of the residential sector of Hungary, as compared to that of other countries of Central and Eastern Europe, Austria and the European Union 15, 2008
Demand per Capita
Primary energy consumption per capita in 2008 was 2.64 toe / 113 GJ, including 3989 kWh of electricity. It is below the European average (3.7 toe/capita).
[Enerdata, HEO - Annual Report, IEA: Key World Energy Statistics 2010]
Primary Energy Intensity in MJ GDP (gross domestic product) at purchase power parity for Hungary, as compared to other countries of Central and Eastern Europe, Austria and the EU 15, 2008
Primary energy intensity is an indicator to show how much energy is needed to produce one quantity of economic output. Referring to the output of her economy (based on purchase power parity), the relative primary energy demand in Hungary is above the average of the EU and Austria, but below of Romania, Slovak Republic and Czech Republic, for example.
Demand of Electricity per GDP (MWh/M$05) and per Capita (kWh/hab) for Hungary, as compared to other countries in Central and Eastern Europe, Austria and the European Union 15, 2008
The deviation of electricity demand per GDP of a country from that of Austria or the EU average indicates, how efficiently electricity is utilised in the respective economy in comparison to the EU or to Austria, or, conversely, which gains in efficiency are to be realised. If the electricity demand per GDP decreases – what can be expected for the future in CEE countries – more national income in the form of GDP will be produced with the same amount of electricity (the yellow bars in the figure will decrease in this case).
Final Consumption (TJ) | Solid fuels | Crude oil | Oil products | Gas | Hydro., Nucl. | Elec. | Heat | Biomass | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
industry | 25378 |
| 8263 | 48232 |
| 33670 | 14060 | 5562 | 135165 |
transport | 174099 | 67 | 4194 | 7041 | 185402 | ||||
households, services | 7142 | 15432 | 195128 | 80045 | 34530 | 26474 | 358750 | ||
non energy uses | 67535 | 13992 | 81527 | ||||||
total | 32520 | 265329 | 257419 | 117909 | 48590 | 39078 | 760845 | ||
Prices
Oil
The prices of oil products are free since 1991. The taxation of gas and oil imports was abolished on April 1, 1998. In 2011, the price of unleaded premium gasoline is on average 1.285 Euro/l and that of diesel of 1.256 Euro/l.
Electricity
Electricity as product (universal service)
A new era started in the electricity supply in 2008 with the ceasing of the public utility segment, which was replaced by universal service. The electricity for which residential and non-residential small customers now appeared in separate categories of the electricity as a product, of the use of the network ensuring the delivery of the product to the customer (system use) and of taxes and other items of tax nature. Residential customers – unless they entered free market – could purchase electricity also in 2009 within the framework of universal service, which means that they continued to buy the electricity at an administrative price.
In January 2009, universal service prices (prices to be paid for the energy as product) were reduced by the price authority by 1%. Taking into account the increased prices for system use, the average price increase affecting users supplied in the framework of universal service was 2.9 % in January 2009. On 1 January 2010 (relative to 31 December 2009), the price for the electricity (including system use) to be paid by the users supplied in the framework of universal service changed by -3.1 to +1.9 % depending on residence (site).
The annual average value of the trading margin to be applied by universal service suppliers was 1.9 HUF/kWh in 2009.
Based on environmental considerations (facilitating sustainable development on the long term), a separate tariff was elaborated in 2009 for the electricity supply of heat pumps (and devices directly serving the operation of equipment using heat from solar energy and other renewable energy sources for supplying heat to buildings). The electricity at discounted price both with regard to product price and the price for system use may be bought (under specialised terms) by the beginning of the heating season of 2010-11.
System use
The fourth four-year (from 2009 to 2012) cycle of price regulation for electricity system use started on 1 January 2009.
The sum of charges for transmission system operator and ancillary services increased by 53.5% on 1 January 2010 (compared to 1 HUF/kWh in 2009), but still was lower than the value of 2008.
Distribution charges dropped by average 0.4% on 1 January 2010 compared to 2009 (within this, values of changes varied depending on voltage levels between -33% and +2%). These figures are explained by the inflation-indexed increase of charges covering fix costs and the declined purchase cost of electricity loss of distribution network.
An annual distribution charge of 1800 HUF (excluding VAT) (in the case of a controlled tariff category only 600 HUF) has been imposed even on the smallest consumption places including also residential customers since 1 January 2009. The costs that have been covered by the base charge since 2009 were covered previously by the consumption proportional distribution turnover charge, so the increase in this charge was lower than it would have been without it. In other words, the introduction of the base charge did not mean an effective rise in the costs, but induced a restructuring among the various groups of customers.
Electricity under feed-in obligation
The prices for the electricity falling under feed-in obligation changed on 1 January 2009 and the prices for the co-generated electricity changed on 1 October induced by changes in gas prices.
The increase in the prices in January was varying between 2.25 and 6.6%. The significant standard variation resulted from the application of different price regulation formulas of the various energy sources.
Gas
With regard to price regulation, 2009 brought a significant change. On 1 July 2009, public utility supply ended, and the group of customers supplied in the framework of universal service was reduced compared to public utility customers. On 1 July 2009, KHEM Decree 28/2009 (25.06) on the setting of prices in connection with the natural gas universal service came into force.
Characteristics of the price system and price regulation from 1 July 2009 to 31 December 2009.
After the model switch of 1 July 2009, the price preparation activity of HEO is focused on the system use charges. In the new model, universal service suppliers replacing public utility service providers supply customers under 100 m3/h as well as district heat generation licensees who have not entered the competitive market. HEO in resolution decides about the charges to be applied by universal service suppliers – on the basis of pricing requests of licensees (once each quarter).
In 2009, public utility and universal service end-user charges changed in the following ways. The base charge increased by 15% for small and medium customers, the capacity charge remained unchanged for categories over a contracted capacity of 100 m3/h during the year. The gas charge decreased during the year in all customer categories. The decrease was 14% for small customers, 18% for medium customers, 22% for customers with a contracted capacity of 100 to 500 m3/h, and 16% for customers with a contracted capacity of over 500 m3/h.
Public utility end user prices and the universal service average prices decreased by 8.7% by the end of the year compared to January 2009.
